Sudan IV (C24H20N4O) is a lysochrome (fat-soluble dye) diazo dye used for the staining of lipids, triglycerides and lipoproteins on frozen paraffin sections. It has the appearance of reddish brown crystals with melting point 199 °C and maximum absorption at 520(357) nm.
Sudan IV is one of the dyes used for Sudan staining. Similar dyes include Oil Red O, Sudan III, and Sudan Black B. Staining is an important biochemical technique, offering the ability to visually qualify the presence of the fatty compound of interest without isolating it. For staining purposes Sudan IV can be made up in propylene glycol. Alternatively, authors have reported using the dye saturated in isopropyl alcohol, 95% ethanol, or 0.05% by weight in acetone:ethanol:water (50:35:15). The idea is to use a moderately apolar solvent to solubilize the dye allowing it to partition into the highly apolar fat without the solvent solubilizing the fat to be stained.
Sudan I, Sudan III, and Sudan IV have been classified as category 3 carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.
Sudan (Arabic: السودان as-Sūdān, English pronunciation (US) i/suˈdæn/, (GB) /suːˈdɑːn/), officially the Republic of the Sudan (Arabic: جمهورية السودان Jumhūrīyat as-Sūdān), is a country in north-east Africa. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea, Eritrea, and Ethiopia, to the east, South Sudan to the south, the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west and Libya to the northwest. It is the third largest country in Africa. The River Nile divides the country into eastern and western halves. Its predominant religion is Islam.
Sudan was home to numerous ancient civilizations, such as the Kingdom of Kush, Kerma, Nobatia, Alodia, Makuria, Meroë and others, most of which flourished along the Nile. During the pre-dynastic period Nubia and Nagadan Upper Egypt were identical, simultaneously evolved systems of pharaonic kingship by 3300 BC. By virtue of its proximity to Egypt, the Sudan participated in the wider history of the Near East inasmuch as it was Christianized by the 6th century, and Islamized in the 15th. As a result of Christianization, the Old Nubian language stands as the oldest recorded Nilo-Saharan language (earliest records dating to the 9th century). Sudan was the largest country in Africa and the Arab world until 2011, when South Sudan separated into an independent country, following an independence referendum. Sudan is now the third largest country in Africa (after Algeria and the Democratic Republic of the Congo) and also the third largest country in the Arab world (after Algeria and Saudi Arabia).
Sudan stains and Sudan dyes are synthetic organic compounds that are used as dyes for various plastics and are also used to stain sudanophilic biological samples, usually lipids. Sudan II, Sudan III, Sudan IV, Oil Red O, and Sudan Black B are important members of this class of compounds (see images below).
Sudan dyes have high affinity to fats, therefore they are used to demonstrate triglycerides, lipids, and lipoproteins. Alcoholic solutions of Sudan dyes are usually used, however pyridine solutions can be used in some situations as well.
Sudan stain test is often used to determine the level of fecal fat to diagnose steatorrhea. A small sample is dissolved in water or saline, glacial acetic acid is added to hydrolyze the insoluble salts of fatty acids, a few drops of alcoholic solution of Sudan III are added, the sample is spread on a microscopic slide, and heated twice to boil. Normally a stool sample should show only a few drops of red-orange stained fat under the microscope. The method is only semiquantitative but, due to its simplicity, it is used for screening.
Sudan (Hangul: 수단; hanja: 水團 or 水鍴) is a kind of Korean traditional drink made of honey water and rice cake. It is usually served during the summer for quenching thirst. Traditionally Sudan was always served during a village rite in 6th month in lunar calendar. Korean farmers prayed for a bountiful harvest and god’s blessing for their life in the future by making food offering including foods and Sudan drink.
Roll deep alive, liveO...
I’m just sitting here, I ain’t saying much I just think
And my eyes don’t move left or right they just blink
I think too deep, and I think too long
Plus I think I’m getting weak cos my thoughts are too strong
I’m just sitting here, I aint saying much I just gaze
I’m looking in to space while my CD plays
I gaze quite a lot, in fact I gaze always
And if I blaze, then I just gaze always my days
Cos it’s the same old story, shutters, runners, cats and money stacks
And it’s the same old story, ninja bikes, gun fights and scary nights
And it’s the same old story, window tints and gloves for finger prints
Yeah it’s the same old story, police investigate around the area
Cos it was only yesterday we was playing football in the streets
It was only yesterday none of us could ever come to harm
It was only yesterday life was a touch more sweet
Now I’m sitting here thinking wagwan. (Get me wagwan)
I’m just sitting here, I’m just sitting here, Yo..
I’m just sitting here, yeah I’m just sitting here, yeah
I’m just sitting here, I aint saying much I just watch
I really don’t feel like moving so I cotch
I watch all around, I watch every detail
I watch so hard I’m scared my eyes might fail
I’m just sitting here, I aint saying much I just smile
It’s funny cos I haven’t bust a smile for a while
I’ll smile for a minute, and I’m smiling for an hour
I’m scared cos it’s sweet, but it could turn sour
Cos it’s the same old story, chung intelligent yaps in hospie flats
And it’s the same old story, benefit claims and cheques in false names
And it’s the same old story, students truent, learn the streets fluent
Yeah it’s the same old story, strange, there’s no sign of positive change
Cos it was only yesterday, we was standing firmly on our feet
It was only yesterday, girls were innocent they kept us calm
It was only yesterday, there was less bobbies on the beat
Now I’m sitting here thinking wagwan. (Wagwan, wagwan)
I’m just sitting here, I’m just sitting here, Yo..
I’m just sitting here, yeah I’m just sitting here, yeah
I’m just sitting here I aint saying much I’m just vex (shame)
I seen a lot of bullshit, wondering what’s next
I’m vex at humanity, vex at the earth
I keep getting vex, till I think what’s the worth?
I’m just sitting here, I aint saying much I feel to cry
I’m sitting here depressed and I don’t know why
I try to pull myself together, tell myself fix up
And I keep myself from bawling but my eyes they erupt
Cos it’s the same old story, crazy boys keep getting on my nerves
And it’s the same old story, police don’t give me no peace
Yeah, it’s the same old story, friends slowly drifting from the ends
Yeah, it’s the same old story, I’ve sussed, there’s nobody I can trust
Cos it was only yesterday after school we’d come outside and meet
It was only yesterday, it was all love back then
It was only yesterday, every sunny day was a treat
Now I’m sitting here thinking wagwan. (wagwan wagwan)
I’m just sitting here, I’m just sitting here, Yo..
I’m just sitting here, yeah I’m just sitting here, yeah,